^aDepartment of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi MedicalFoundation, Hualien, Taiwan, ^bInstitute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^cSchool of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^dInstitute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ^eResearch Center for Global SDGs Challenges, Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^fDepartment of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

 

†Both authors contributed equally to this work.

 

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^aDepartment of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^bSchool of Post‑Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^cDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, ^dDivision of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA, eInstitute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

 

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^aCardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan, ^bSchool of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^cThe First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ^dCardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ^eDivision of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and Fu‑Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu‑Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, ^fDepartment of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan, ^gDepartment of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, ^hSchool of Post‑Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

 

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^aDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria, ^bDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria, ^cDepartment of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, ^dDepartment of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia

 

^aDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, ^bDepartment of Neurosurgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, ^cSchool of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ^dInstitute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan

 

†Both authors contributed equally to this work.

 

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^aDepartment of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia, ^bDepartment of Pre‑Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia, ^cFaculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia, ^dDepartment of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, ^eDepartment of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia, ^fJeffrey Sachs Center, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia, ^gDepartment of Nephrology, Sunway Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia, ^hDepartment of General Studies, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia

 

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Open Access funded by Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation