Han‑Chen Hoa, Yung‑Hsiang Hsub, Jia‑Fong Jhangc, Yuan‑Hong Jiangc, Hann‑Chorng Kuoc*
aDepartment of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, bDepartment of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, cDepartment of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
Open Access funded by Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation
Abstract
Underactive bladder (UAB) is a symptom complex suggestive of detrusor underactivity (DU). Although it implies a primary dysfunction of the detrusor muscle, many other conditions such as advanced age, neurogenic factors, and bladder outlet obstruction also lead to UAB. The current understanding of the pathophysiology directly leading to UAB is limited. We believe that by identifying the morphological changes associated with UAB might shed light on this. Therefore, we searched literature with keywords of electron microscopy, ultrastructure, UAB, and DU to review current ultrastructural evidence concerning UAB.
Keywords: Detrusor underactivity, Electron microscopy, Ultrastructure, Underactive bladder
