Nicolas Daniel Widjanarkoa*, Nanny Natalia Mulyani Soetedjob, Maria Riastuti Iryaningrumc, Erlangga Saputra Arifina, Steven Alviantod, Stevan Kristian Lionardia, Archie Fontana Iskandare, Kevin Axel Chandraf
aFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, bDivision of Endocrine and Metabolic, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Padjajaran University, Bandung, Indonesia, cDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, dDepartment of General Medicine, Sekayu General Regional Hospital, Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia, eDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cimacan General Regional Hospital, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, fDepartment of General Medicine, Mgr. Gabriel Manek Atambua General Regional Hospital, Belu, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Open Access funded by Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation
Abstract
Objectives: Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) has been identified as an indicator of systemic stress and is elevated in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), potentially serving as a prognostic marker for both the onset and progression of the disease. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analysis 2020 guidelines. Articles were sourced from MEDLINE, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library electronic databases. Studies included are all observational studies examining PSP/Reg1α serum levels in patients with T2DM. The quality of the study was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, as well as Review Manager 5.4 to perform the meta‑analysis. Results: Seven studies met the criteria for inclusion. Pooled analysis revealed significant differences in PSP values between T2DM individuals and healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 2.14, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.05– 1.92, P < 0.00001). Further subgroup analysis showed PSP was substantially higher in T2DM with complications (SMD = −1.57, 95% CI: −2.12 to −1.02, P < 0.00001) compared to T2DM without complications (SMD = −1.39, 95% CI: −2.17 to − 0.61) and newly diagnosed T2DM (SMD = −1.85, 95% CI: −2.96 to −0.74). Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations demonstrated moderate quality of evidence. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a progressive elevation in PSP values concomitant with the worsening T2DM disease state across the entire spectrum. PSP exhibits promising potential as a biomarker for predicting both disease initiation and subsequent clinical course.
Keywords: Pancreatic stone protein, Regenerating protein, Type 2 diabetes mellitus
